Outlines of a Value Typology Based on Decision Theorys Social Motives :: Philosophy

Values and their Collisions: Outlines of a Value Typology Based on Decision Theory's Social Motives ABSTRACT: Several years ago, I outlined a project to delineate ideological and scientific elements of our knowledge about values. I began by studying the typical configurations of values, their typical collisions, and some typical world-view-related standpoints as theoretical background. I now present the theoretical premises of my inquiry, the applied methods, and some of the results. I have tried to support the choice of variables used, make sensible the reliable limits of the findings, and underline some interconnections as well as some collisions between moral and/or ideological standpoints. Among values, and apart from the aesthetic (artistic) values, we can distinguish between ideological and moral ones. The ideological values (or social-political ones) concern and/or regulate the coexistence of larger groups of humans, while those considered moral ones are realized in the immediate interpersonal relationships. But there are weighty arguments suggesting their treatment in common or in parallel: (i) In the case of some systems of thought, the separation of moral values from the social political ones seems quite artificial (e.g. Aristotelian, Christian, utilitarian, liberal); (ii) Recent psychological research in the direction inaugurated by Piaget and Kohlberg supports the hypothesis that the lower phases of the moral development are constant across societies and ethic groups, while in the superior phases there is a culture-(respectively, society-) related differentiation. Higher level moral attitudes seem significantly related to the accepted political values (Kurt Bergling, 1981 (1) ). (2) (iii) In the case of many historical systems of thought (philosophies) the moral world-view is axiologically more elaborated than the political one. (The conceptions about the ontology of values, values' social functions and effects or values' acquirement are much more evident in the former.) Further, the moral inquiry is more nuanced in the elaboration of typologies and it is more concerned with the relations between cognitive sphere and values than the social-political thinking is. II I would distinguish 3 levels in approaching the moral phenomena: (i) Moral (of object-language) The level of valuations (good-wrong, just-unjust etc.) and norms, including laic knowledge about rewards and punishments, or about value legitimising and the metaphysical nature of good and evil. This can be considered the everyday moral conscience of the society, the object of anthropological, sociological, historical descriptions. (ii) Ethical (of meta-language) The level of categories introduced by ethics to study and to compare the specificities of moral systems, of the auto-reflection and self-defending argumentation of value hierarchies.

Tqm-an Approach Toward Good Governance

Total Quality Management An Approach towards Good Governance By *Uzma Akbar **Akbar S. Awan *FOUNDATION University Institute of Management and Computer Sciences Newlalazar, Rawalpindi. Pakistan **Principle WAH Engineering College, University of WAH WAH Cantt, Pakistan 1. Introduction The federal government of Pakistan (GOP) is presently organized into 48 divisions, 173 attached departments and 203 autonomous/semi-autonomous bodies (including public corporations, public sector banks and other public sector organizations). In addition to this, it also employs a military force of 0. 65 million. It spends billion of rupees, and directly or indirectly, accounts for major part of our national economy. The GOP executes its non-defense related constitutional responsibilities through some 450,000 civil servants. These are further spread through 17,700 civil servants organized in federal secretariat, 113,000 civil servants in federal attached departments and subordinate offices, 122,500 employees of Pakistan Railway and 196,800 employees in the autonomous bodies, public corporations and financial institutions. [1] Our public sector departments have created enormous financial burden on our limited national exchequer. They still adhere to obsolete management practices which have been abandoned by most of the civilized countries. Leaving side a few organizations, our public sector is not thinking to improve the quality of services, whereas the crushing national debt calls for urgent cuts in cost of public functionaries. Poor management in federal government has serious consequences. Money is wasted, programs do not work, and Projects do not start or remain uncompleted for many years. That is why Pakistani customers see and observe but cannot complain. All the complaints remain unnoticed; all suggestions for improvement never get any response. Inside the government as well bad management stifles the morale of internal customer and system over there is designed to kill the initiative. The administrative management of our Government needs overhauling. The time has come to radically change the way, government operates. 2. Total Quality in Government By Total Quality in government we mean lean, decentralized and innovative government where people are flexible, adaptive, and quick to learn new ways when conditions change. They use customer choice and competition to get things done as creatively and effectively as possible. So when we talk about quality management in Federal Government, we too must rely on market based incentives with less focus on conventional new programs. The concept of Total Quality Government goes beyond cost cutting in government. It is adopted to apply the principles and tools of TQM. Many organizations have been successful with their TQM initiatives and derived such benefits as reducing costs, increasing productivity and customer satisfaction. 3. TQM Application By adopting TQM we will be able to provide the philosophy, mindset, tools and methodologies to â€Å"Transform† effectively. The use of TQM which refers to: †¢ Performance measurement of organizations †¢ Customer management †¢ Process control †¢ Continuous improvement programs †¢ Best management practices This has proved to be an effective strategy for improving the performance of not only Government organizations but also public administrations. [2] TQM is seen as the most comprehensive approach to Quality thinkable for an enterprise. The pillars of Total Quality Management are T Q M: †¢ T stands for Total. It is the Integration of the Staff, Suppliers, Customers and other Stakeholders. Away from Party-specific Thinking to a more holistic approach. †¢ Q stands for Quality. It is the Quality of the work and the process of the Enterprise leading to Quality of Products. †¢ M for Management. It stresses the leadership task â€Å"Quality† and the Quality of leadership. From the enterprises point of view TQM can be seen as a Leadership Model. There is no single theoretical formalization of total quality, but philosophers provide the core assumptions, as: â€Å"Discipline and philosophy of management which institutionalizes planned and continuous improvement . It assumes that quality is the outcome of all activities that take place within an organization; that all functions and all employees have to participate in the improvement process; that organizations need both quality systems and a quality culture. † [3] 4. Quality Management Systems and Tools Systems and tools systematically inculcate and reinforce the TQ culture within an organization. QM starts with philosophical base-systems and tools are relevant after the philosophy is established. Most of the TQM efforts fail because organizations try to implement TQM techniques (Tools and Systems) without adopting the TQM philosophy. They start the journey from the wrong point. Instead of starting with the philosophy they try to first use the tools and the systems without ensuring that at the very minimum, the philosophy is absorbed by the top management. [4] 5. The Concept of Continuous Improvement by TQM TQM is mainly concerned with continuous improvement in all work, from high level strategic planning and decision-making, to detailed execution of work elements on the shop floor. It stems from the belief that mistakes can be avoided and defects can be prevented. It leads to continuously improving results, in all aspects of work, as a result of continuously improving capabilities, people, processes, and technology and machine capabilities. 6. Experience of Other countries Under the cover of TQM, US business and political leaders turned to quality to stay competitive on world market or to reclaim their host markets. Meanwhile like many other agencies, the US defense organizations faced, budget cutbacks and reduced staff. Using Quality management, however these organizations streamlined producers in man areas, increasing morale and saved an impressive amount of money. 5] The Government of Pakistan should try to adopt the process of Total Quality management as the core of its management style to solve its problem and re-structure. Such a strategy is being used in the entire European Union, USA, Japan and other developed countries for sustaining their economic growth. 7. Problems for Quality Initiative in Federal Government Improving service qual ity without increasing costs is more difficult to achieve in the public sector than it is in the private sector because elected officials must attempt continuously to balance the multiple conflicting goals of diverse interest groups. Over a decade ago Peter Drucker identified six barriers to productivity improvement. These are: †¢ Lack of clear performance targets †¢ Trying to do too many things at once †¢ Solving problems by throwing people at them †¢ Lack of experimental attitude †¢ Lack of elevation so nothing is learned from it †¢ Reluctance to abandon programs [6] If two or more sins are committed simultaneously, then they may lead to program failure. In short the quality approaches requires fundamental changes in traditional management role. Most individuals and organizations in the public sector will find these changes very difficult to implement. Our Public sector organizations are facing more monumental hurdles because: †¢ The discipline of a competitive global market place that provides incentive for radical changes to business, industry and other managers is missing in our government †¢ In many instances, our government prefers to act as protector for enforcement of policies based on political and social grounds. This leads to treat efficiency as secondary. †¢ The major barrier to accelerating quality management in government is the lack of strong consensus for change among top officials. They find little time for management issues unless problems directly invade on concerns of administration. 8. Objectives for implementing TQM Principles in Government Organizations The quality of governance and government is the top enabler of rapid economic growth and strength of a country. Government must fulfill: †¢ Politically defined missions †¢ Enhance social values †¢ Deliver critical public goods to citizens The ability of the state to provide efficient and customer focused institution is fundamental to vibrant and broad based markets. In Pakistan there is a public perception that government institution â€Å"Over promise and under deliver†. There is false impression in the public sector about what is meant by ‘efficient and customer focused institutions’. Total Quality Management or TQM refers to various approaches for improving the performance of organizations. Improvements and objectives for implementation of TQM principles in Government of Pakistan (GOP) organizations are as follows: [7] †¢ Provide Platform for launching ‘Good Governance’ Program: In Pakistan due to the lack of any organized models, process, leadership and legal frameworks; this aim could not be achieved. Measuring, controlling and mproving performance is specialized function to be addressed on professional basis rather than political grounds. In our country most of problems arise due to the political involvement of individuals. All developed countries tackle good governance through an organizational structure with the aid of professional and legal models. †¢ Citizen satisfaction Index: The citizens Satisfaction In dex of Public assessing the government organizations and offices must be raised continuously. Presently there is no formal method to measure Citizen Satisfaction Index i-e performance of the government. For example, the US government in early 90’s started an organized campaign. They set the target to raise the CSI from 67% to 80% in subsequent time of 4 years. They launched a program called â€Å"Reinventing the government† and were successful in raising the CSI close to their target. The GOP needs to establish a framework for good governance and lay the foundation for improving the quality and productivity of public sector. This includes measuring, controlling and improving the performance of government that shall lead to overall increase in Citizen Satisfaction[8] Raising the Quality and Productivity Levels of GOP: With the changing global scenario, the rapidly developing countries in ASEAN, are giving high priority to improving the quality and productivity levels of Governments. GOP has still not laid any professional foundation for improving its quality and productivity. The Government should join hands with nations with highly efficient and effective government of fices. For this purpose training of the Heads of Departments, Promotional Campaigns and performance based rewards, (according to TQM) should be launched. Linking between Federal and Provincial Governments: The link of quality and productivity must be established between the federal Government and all the four provinces of Pakistan. This means continuity of performance goals for the higher authority. [9] 9. Requirements of TQM in Government Top Management Commitment Commitment from top management may be the most critical factor in the success of any programs. In any government organization the senior management’s commitment is essential and stimulates the implementation of a TQM program. Often, the first step is to convince senior managers of the financial and wider benefits and overcome any barriers that they may have. One of the best ways to do this is to identify obvious areas of cost reduction and environmental improvement and where to make immediate savings through no-cost or low-cost measures. This core element in Total Quality Management system model addresses management commitment. Top management must not only give a lead to the rest of the organization but also ensure that the necessary decisions and actions are taken. Only top management has the motivation and the power to effect changes. 10] Employee Involvement The government should try to introduce new course of action in which the communication between the top management and employees increases. They should talk to as many employees as possible about their opinions relating to TQ implementation. Through this act top management will be able to assess their knowledge level and what bugs them about the ini tiatives they have seen in the past. Employees should be asked to give suggestions so that they would be more involved and supportive new programs. TQM process covers the whole organization so all people will feel their ownership in this case. [11] Cultural Transformation The full potential of TQM requires a fundamental cultural change. An organization’s culture is the way organization behaves. It is the way everybody walks, talks, thinks and acts in everyday life. The culture of quality organization supports and nourishes the improvement efforts of every group and individual in the organization. The cultural change of an agency to TQM requires the courage and commitment of leadership in order to implement a vision of values, ideas, goals and processes. Total Quality Government encourages the manager who innovates and motivates the workers who are free to improve and make decisions. But changing the culture is a lot harder than changing the rules and regulations. This is possible by: †¢ Creating new incentives to accomplish more, through competition and customer choice †¢ Shifting focus of control that is empowering employees to use their judgment, supporting them with the tools they need †¢ Liberating agencies from burden of over regulations and control Building Awareness TQM generates a whole new corporate culture with an emphasis on customer satisfaction, a goal of continual improvement, and commitment to team-building and employee participation at all levels. In a quality organization, the vision, values and systems must be consistent with, and complementary to each other. [12] Empowerment Decentralizing the power to make decisions will energize our government to do everything smart, better, faster and cheaper. GOP policy makers should follow this decentralized approach. This style may reduce or eliminate employee frustration, increase sense of belonging and enhance morale and productivity of an entire organization. 10. Present Situation in Pakistan Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC): This is the main accreditation body in Pakistan responsible for accreditation of certification agencies, inspection agencies, system auditors and laboratories. It was established in 1999 and became operational in 2001. Its annual budget in 2003-04 was around Rs. 12 million. Out of this Rs. 3. 9 million was used for non-development and Rs. 8. 7 million was used for development. Its manpower is 37 persons. Listed below the table gives a comparison of Pakistan’s conformity assessment with India: | | Pakistan |India | | | |Responsible Organization: |Responsible Organization: | | |Reference |Pakistan National Accreditation |Quality Council of India | |Responsibilities |Standards |Council | | | | |(Status) | | | | | |(Status) | |Number of accredited |ISO 17025 | 3 | 400 | |Laboratories | | | | |Number of accredited |ISO Guides 62,66 | 2 | 14 | |Certification Agencies | | | | |Quality Auditor Registration |ISO 17022 | Nil | Nil | |Accreditation Body’s own |ISO Guide 58/61 |In Process | Yes | |competence and Adoption | | | | Prognosis of above table clearly point towards the lack of performance of PNAC (Pakistan National Accreditation Council). Due to poor performance of this important government organization, weak accreditation has resulted in untrustworthy ISO’s certification. This in turn has affected the following aspects: †¢ Low creditability of certification agencies †¢ Testing facilities †¢ Inspection agencies †¢ Un-regulated quality culture †¢ Poor reputation [13] 11. Recommendations The analysis and appraisal of the National and Global scenario clearly leads to following recommendations: †¢ National Performance Improvement Committee. There must be a pool of national experts in key industrial and social sectors drawn from across the country on merit basis. The committee should provide top class expertise for creating a vision and guidance to all the government organizations. The members of the council should be selected purely on professional and leadership grounds. †¢ Development of Public Sector Institutions. The GOP should try to focus on developing clear and concise mission statements and set goals/target for public sector institutions. This conceptual orientation will guide both the strategic direction of the organization and shake the day to day decisions about what the departments do and how they do it. †¢ Differentiation of Performance and Output. There should be clear demarcation between these two aspects. The performance report should be accepted if the source of collecting and reporting is reliable. It should invariably be related to organizational goals and objectives. The name of the game is ‘Performance Audit’. †¢ Public Accountability. All government organizations/institutions should be open to public scrutiny and accountability through the competent bodies such as parliamentary committees on various facets of government activities. †¢ Restructuring of Regulatory Mechanism. Traditional regulatory policy should be restructured into softer approaches for the purpose of promoting competitiveness and ensuring protection of environment and overall safety of the society. †¢ Use of Information Technology. This powerful tool of governance will help our government executives to break down isolatory layers and expedite the delivery of services. New management system can transform our government. It will not only make it more productive but also cut the cost of government. †¢ Adoption of Customer first Approach. The quality organizations must learn to listen to the customers and help customers articulate their needs. Public sector department need to restructure their basic and routine functions to meet the customer need. †¢ Redefine the role of Auditors. Performance auditors should change their approach from pure inspection and auditing to helping the government departments to learn to perform better †¢ De-regulation and Empowerment. Federal and provincial Government should empower public agencies and institutions. Time tested principle of â€Å"authority commensurate with responsibility† should never be lost sight of. †¢ Re-engineering the Work and Office routines. The organizations should re-examine their programs and routines with a view to eliminating duplication of efforts and giving up obsolete ways of doing business. †¢ Facilitation of Economic Activity. Favorable environment should be created for public and private sector companies for their growth and expansion in the world market. Support Entrepreneurial Activity. The GOP should make an endeavor to be in-step with global developments in the realm of business and public policy. Support positive initiatives required for industries and firms to continuous ly adapt and adjust their organizations and structures. For this we need to implement policies which move from conformity to competitiveness 12. Conclusion The extent to which various public sector organizations the values, principles and practices of TQM are variable in the extreme. In actual there is more talk than action so far. Many organizations still have no clear idea of the potential and purpose behind utilizing TQM. There are definite signs of eagerness on the part of public managers to move faster. The lack of organization-wide leadership, in quality is however the main stumbling block. It is too early to tell how our citizens would react and perhaps even would care to react on the direct benefits resulting from the government’s quality initiatives. Nevertheless the race for quality in government sector organizations is far from over; it has just begun. Bibliography 1. Tichey, N. (1983). Managing Strategic Change. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2. Mathew, S. (1973). â€Å"Total Quality Management in the Industrial Sector,† National Productivity Review. 3. Hill Stephen, (1991). Why Quality Circles failed but Total Quality management might succeed. † British journal of industrial relations. 4. James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. 5. Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Quality Management†. Third Edition 6. â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf 7. â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. 8. â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid 9. â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control 0. â€Å"Gaining Perspectives: the future of TQM in Public sectors† by Madhav N. Sinha 11. â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach† by Dr. Jamshed Khan. ———————– [1] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [2] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [3] Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Qu ality Management†. Third Edition [4] â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach † by Dr. Jamshed Khan [5] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [6] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [7] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [8],â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [9] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [10] â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf [11] James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. [12] â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control [13] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF.

The Physical And Mental Health Of Their Child - 1005 Words

The physical and mental health of their child is always a parent’s main priority and they do anything to make sure that he or she is healthy. So, finding out that your child has call bipolar disorder will disturb any concerning parent, especially if their child is young. What is this bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder, also referred to as manic depressive illness, is a disorder that causes spikes in a person’s attitude, energy level, and sometimes their desire to perform actions. ( Psychology today 2016) These symptoms can range from moderate to very severe in people of all ages. This disorder can affect many different aspects of one’s life as well. Jobs, schooling, ability to form and keep relationships, and self-esteem may be affected as a result of having this disorder. There are three types of Bipolar disorder I, bipolar disorder II, and cyclothymic disorder. (Psychology today 2016) Bipolar I is not as severe as the others. A patient diagnosed with Bipolar II is more prone to big outbursts, more likely to be depressed for a long time, and more likely to go through several mood changes throughout the course of the day. Cyclothymic has not really been a common diagnosis in the United States among children and adolescents. (Psychology today 2016) A sudden increase in energy, an extreme case of irritability and doubting one’s self, behavior that is unordinary for that person, and a drastic decrease in the amount of sleep a person gets could all be signs of bipolar disorder.Show MoreRelatedBullying Can Affect a Childs Mental and Physical Health538 Words   |  2 Pagesyears, bullying has been a major problem in many schools. Bullying is associated with serious health concerns, whether a child is the bully or the victim. Kids who are victims of bullying usually have lasting effects on their physical and mental health. 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